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    1.3 Reacting masses and volumes 

    Understandings

    1. Reactants can be either limiting or excess.
    2. The experimental yield can be different from the theoretical yield.
    3. Avogadro’s law enables the mole ratio of reacting gases to be determined from volumes of the gases.
    4. The molar volume of an ideal gas is a constant at specifi ed temperature and pressure. Guidance: Values for the molar volume of an ideal gas are given in the IB data booklet in Section 2.
    5. The molar concentration of a solution is determined by the amount of solute and the volume of solution. Guidance: The use of square brackets to denote molar concentration is required.
    6. A standard solution is one of known concentration.

    Application and skills

    1. Solution of problems relating to reacting quantities, limiting and excess reactants, and theoretical, experimental, and percentage yields.
    2. Calculation of reacting volumes of gases using Avogadro’s law.
    3. Solution of problems and analysis of graphs involving the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume for a fixed mass of an ideal gas.
    4. Solution of problems relating to the ideal gas equation. Guidance: The ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, and the value of the gas constant (R), are given in the IB data booklet in Sections 1 and 2.
    5. Explanation of the deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour at low temperature and high pressure.
    6. Obtaining and using experimental values to calculate the molar mass of a gas from the ideal gas equation.
    7. Solution of problems involving molar concentration, amount of solute, and volume of solution. Guidance: Units of concentration to include: gdm–3, moldm–3, and parts per million (ppm).
    8. Use of the experimental method of titration to calculate the concentration of a solution by reference to a standard solution.

    Inquiry questions 

    ​1.3 What is the ideal gas equation, what is it used for and what are the assumptions made when using the equation?
    ​
    ​1.3 What is the ideal gas equation, what is it used for and what are the assumptions made when using the equation?
    1.3 How can the mole calculations be used to determine the amount of needed ingredients in cooking recipes?
    1.3 To what extent are mole calculations  necessary when creating a cooking recipe?
    ​
    1.3 To what extent is calculating the percentage yield helpful in industry?
    Picture
    Flipped classroom

    Chemical reactions in cooking - mole calculations 

    This video is addressing a number of different chemistry topics, some of them which you will not have discussed at this point. 

    Please focus on the balanced equation of the reaction and the mole calculations 

    Mole ratio problems 

    Introduction to limiting reagent

    U.1/U.2/AS.1 - Cooking Lab - Baking powder reacting with vinegar (Theoretical yield, experimental yield and percentage yield)

    Ingredients
    • 1 1/2 Cups/252.2g flour (all-purpose)
    • 3 Tbsp./45g cocoa (unsweetened) 
    • 1 Cup sugar/201.6g (All purpose sugar – Granulated Pure Cane Sugar)
    • 1 tsp./4.2g baking soda
    • 1/2 tsp./2.1g  salt
    • 1 tsp./4.2g white vinegar
    • 1 tsp./4.2g pure vanilla extract
    • 5 Tbsp./75g vegetable oil
    • 1 Cup/201.6g water
    Task:
    Pre Lab:
    1. Balance the equation of Baking soda reacting with vinegar to produce carbon dioxide and other products
    2. Calculate the theoretical yield 
    3. Measure how much CO2 is produced when using 4.2g of vinegar an 4.2g of baking soda 
    4. Calculate the average mass CO2 produced 
    5. Calculate the percentage yield 

    Cooking Lab 
    1. Identify the various masses of vinegar and baking soda of your experiments 
    2. Bake the cake using the recipe 
    3. measure the height the cake has risen, use the video on the right to help you
    4. Look at the graph and make your conclusions 
    Syllabus points addressed:
    U.1: Reactants can be either limiting or excess.
    U2: The experimental yield can be different from the theoretical yield.


    AS.1: ​Solution of problems relating to reacting quantities, limiting and excess reactants, and theoretical, experimental, and percentage yields.

    Pre Lab data 

    Graphs 
    Picture
    Blended learning

    Ideal gas equation - Explaining relationships 

    Tasks:
    1. Watch the video
    2. Choose one of the following topics:
    - Relationship between Pressure and Volume 
    - Relationship between Volume and Temperature 
    - Relationship between Pressure and Temperature
    - Ideal gas law 
    3. Produce a poster that explains the relationship or law using diagrams, pictures and graphs 
    4. Record your explanation using Flipgrid and your poster (see below)
    5. Give feedback on another's student feedback 
    ​

    U.3/U.4/AS.2/AS.3/AS.4 - Ideal gas equation - Practice problems 

    Picture

    Complete the worked example in the Pearsons textbook pages 40-42
    Application:
    In the recipe of the cake we are using 4.2g of baking soda and vinegar. In our experiments, we measure that this produced around 40ml of carbon dioxide in average. Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced at RTP (Room Temperature and Pressure - 25 degree Celsius and 100 kPa).
    Complete exercises 51-60 on page 44 in the Pearsons Textbook 
    Syllabus points addressed:
    U.3: Avogadro’s law enables the mole ratio of reacting gases to be determined from volumes of the gases.
    U.4: The molar volume of an ideal gas is a constant at specifi ed temperature and pressure. Guidance: Values for the molar volume of an ideal gas are given in the IB data booklet in Section 2.


    AS.2:Calculation of reacting volumes of gases using Avogadro’s law.
    AS.3: Solution of problems and analysis of graphs involving the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume for a fixed mass of an ideal gas.
    AS.4: Solution of problems relating to the ideal gas equation. Guidance: The ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, and the value of the gas constant (R), are given in the IB data booklet in Sections 1 and 2.

    AS.6 - Ideal gas law - experiment 

    Coming soon ...
    Syllabus points addressed:
    AS.6: Obtaining and using experimental values to calculate the molar mass of a gas from the ideal gas equation.

    AS.5 -  Real gases 

    Watch the video about real gases and the correction factor. calculation using the correction factor are not in the syllabus 
    Complete exercises 61-63 on page 46 in Pearson's textbook 
    Syllabus points addresses:
    AS.5: Explanation of the deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour at low temperature and high pressure.
    Picture
    Flipped Classroom

    Concentration 

    Watch the video and complete the quiz 

    Cooking lab - Concentration of ingredients in natural cola 

    The Prelabs and main cooking lab are further explained and demonstrated in the Video 
    Pre-lab:
    1. 1. Measure the pH of regular coke and measure the pH of the lemon, lime and orange juice combined that you are going to use in your natural cola
    2. Use sodium bicarbonate to increase the pH of your lemon, lime and orange juice to have the same pH than regular cola
    2. Calculate the concentration in mol/dm3 of sodium bicarbonate in the lemon, lime and orange juice
    Main cooking lab:
    Follow the instruction of the recipe below and use the video on the right to help you
    ​Post-lab:
    1. Identify how many drops of food colouring do you need to use for your cola to have the same colour than regular coke
    2. Calculate the concentration in g/dm3 of food colour in your natural cola 
    3. Calculate the ppm of food colour in your natural cola 
    4. Comment on if it makes sense to use ppm in this case and justify your answer

    Explain your calculation using the flipgrid below

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