● The rate-determining step (slow step) in an SN1 reaction depends only on the concentration of
the halogenoalkane, rate = k[halogenoalkane]. For SN2, rate = k[halogenoalkane][nucleophile].
SN2 is stereospecifi c with an inversion of confi guration at the carbon.
● SN2 reactions are best conducted using aprotic, polar solvents and SN1 reactions are best
conducted using protic, polar solvents.
● Electrophilic addition reactions:
● An electrophile is an electron-defi cient species that can accept electron pairs from a nucleophile.
Electrophiles are Lewis acids.
● Markovnikov’s rule can be applied to predict the major product in electrophilic addition
reactions of unsymmetrical alkenes with hydrogen halides and interhalogens. The formation of
the major product can be explained in terms of the relative stability of possible carbocations in
the reaction mechanism.
● Electrophilic substitution reactions:
● Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon compound (or arene) and has a delocalized
structure of bonds around its ring. Each carbon to carbon bond has a bond order of 1.5.
Benzene is susceptible to attack by electrophiles.
● Reduction reactions:
● Carboxylic acids can be reduced to primary alcohols (via the aldehyde). Ketones can be reduced
to secondary alcohols. Typical reducing agents are lithium aluminium hydride and sodium
borohydride.
Guidance
● Reference should be made to heterolytic fi ssion for SN1 reactions.
● The difference between homolytic and heterolytic fi ssion should be understood.
● The difference between curly arrows and fi sh-hooks in reaction mechanisms should be emphasized.
● Use of partial charges (+ and –) and wedge/dash three-dimensional representations using tapered
bonds should be encouraged where appropriate in explaining reaction mechanisms.
● Typical conditions and reagents of all reactions should be known (e.g. catalysts, reducing agents,
refl ux, etc.). However, more precise details such as specifi c temperatures need not be included.
● Nucleophilic substitution reactions:
● SN1 represents a nucleophilic unimolecular substitution reaction and SN2 represents a
nucleophilic bimolecular substitution reaction. SN1 involves a carbocation intermediate. SN2
involves a concerted reaction with a transition state.
● For tertiary halogenoalkanes the predominant mechanism is SN1 and for primary
halogenoalkanes it is SN2. Both mechanisms occur for secondary halogenoalkanes.

● Nucleophilic substitution reactions:
● Explanation of why hydroxide is a better nucleophile than water.
● Deduction of the mechanism of the nucleophilic substitution reactions of halogenoalkanes with
aqueous sodium hydroxide in terms of SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. Explanation of how the rate
depends on the identity of the halogen (i.e. the leaving group), whether the halogenoalkane is
primary, secondary, or tertiary and the choice of solvent.
● Outline of the difference between protic and aprotic solvents.
● Electrophilic addition reactions:
● Deduction of the mechanism of the electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with halogens/
interhalogens and hydrogen halides.
● Electrophilic substitution reactions:
● Deduction of the mechanism of the nitration (electrophilic substitution) reaction of benzene
(using a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid).
● Reduction reactions:
● Writing reduction reactions of carbonyl-containing compounds: aldehydes and ketones to primary
and secondary alcohols and carboxylic acids to aldehydes, using suitable reducing agents.
● Conversion of nitrobenzene to aniline via a two-stage reaction.
are not required.

INSTRUCTIONS
TASK 1:
Identify the synthetic routes in the mind map. Some are already there, others need to be added over time. 

TASK 2:
Explain the reaction and highlight:
Reaction condition
other chemicals involved in the reaction
curly arrow mechanism (if appropriate)  

Make a poster to help you explain the reaction and video your explanation ​

TASK 3: Include the link of the video in the mind map above 

Video describes our primary and secondary defence systems. 

Task: 
1. List all the primary and secondary defence systems 
2. Define invaders and lines of defences 
3. Give some examples of invaders and explain the different lines of defences in our body 

This video is listing and describing all the different ways to administer a drug and gives examples. 

Task: 
1. Define Drug and Medicine. What is the difference?
2. Choose a existing medicinal drug, research how it is administered and why it is administered in that way and not another way. 
​3. Post your answer on the blog and comment on 2 of your classmates post how useful and clear their post was, as well as give advice what they could improve on